People Clipped with Orthodontic Wire made of Ni-Cr Alloy should Avoid Taking Copper Barrel Hard Drink Orally

Copper barrel brandy can be taken orally with dilution using bisleri water or soda water and without dilution. People clipped with orthodontic wires may take copper barrel brandy orally, with dilution of without dilution. How far the orthodontic wires will be affected by these items? To find an answer the present research work is undertaken. Ni-Cr alloys have good corrosion resistance. This is attained by arrangement of protective oxide film in oral environment. Corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires prepared from Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in existence & nonexistence of copper barrel, water and soda water has been estimated by polarization technique. It is generally noted that corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloy in synthetic saliva in existence of copper barrel, water and soda water decreases. When orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr is engrossed in simulated saliva, the linear polarization resistance (LPR) value is 792355 Ohmcm. 2 When it is submerged in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, linear polarization resistance (LPR) value decreases to 334516 Ohmcm. 2 Corrosion current increases from 5.448 x 10 -8 A/cm 2 to 14.47 x 10 -8 When it is engrossed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, LPR value decreases to 245052


Introduction
Beautiful objects are symmetrical in nature. Symmetry leads to beauty. Symmetry is a result of regular arrangement. Regular arrangement of teeth leads to attractive and beautiful smiles which attract everyone. Unfortunately by God's grace, some people do not have regularly arranged teeth.
To regularize the development of teeth, people need the assist of Dentists. They utilize of orthodontic wires prepared of a variety of alloys such as SS 316 L, SS 18/9, NiTi, NiCr etc., After clipping these wires, people take a lot of tablets, food recipes and juices orally. Because of these activities the orthodontic wires undergo corrosion.
A Study of Tribocorrosion occurring at implant & implant alloy Interface: Dental implant materials" has been undertaken by Mehkri et al 1 Electrochemical corrosion resistance of LDX 2101® duplex stainless steel in fluoride-containing environment has been reported by Rosalbino et al. 2  Use of Ni Cr alloy in dentistry Assortment of metallic alloys is at present obtainable for prosthodontic restorations, among which, nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) casting alloys are utilized in dental crown & bridge fabrication. It is corrosion resistant, castable, and has a similar coefficient of thermal expansion as that of porcelain. The alloy can be cast centrifugally and has a hardness which lies slightly above that of gold. Used for dentures, bridges and crowns which are coated with porcelain or a synthetic material. In the present study, corrosion behavior of orthodontic wires made of Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in nonexistence & existence of copper barrel, water and soda water has been evaluated by polarization study. Linear polarization resistance & corrosion current values are obtained from polarization study by immersing Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in nonexistence & existence of copper barrel, water and soda water.

Experimental Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) Alloy
Nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys have been utilized for dental prostheses. (M/s Intellodent -offering orthodontic wire, for dental orthodontics, Roorkee, Uttarakhand). This is due to the low prices & outstanding properties in veneered restorations.
Most Ni-Cr restorations execute well clinically, corrosion products & constituents of alloys are known to have potential to initiate & other tissue reactions. Nickel content of nickel-chromium alloys c is as high as 73.5%. 11

Preparation of Artificial Saliva
Fusayama Meyer artificial saliva was used in extant study. Composition of artificial saliva is given in Table 1 . It has been provided with iR compensation facility.
The three electrode cell assembly used is shown in Figure1.

Fig. 2: Correlation among corrosion parameters in polarization study.
Platinum foil was used as counter electrode. Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference electrode. Working electrode was Ni-Cr alloy. Corrosion parameters such as corrosion potential (E corr ), corrosion current (I corr ) and Tafel slopes (anodic = b a & cathodic = b c ) & linear polarization resistance (LPR) were obtained from polarization study.

Results and Discussion Ni-Cr Alloy System
Polarization technique has been employed to measure corrosion resistance of orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr alloy in artificial (simulated) saliva in existence & nonexistence of Copper barrel, water and soda water. The results are shown in Table 2 and One component system When Ni-Cr alloy is immersed in one component system, namely, copper barrel or water or soda water (in the absence of artificial saliva) the corrosion resistances are as follows (Table 1) Copper barrel > water > artificial saliva > soda water This order is due to the ingredients present in various systems. Copper barrel is grape-based distilled from wine, but made with a heap of other fruits as well. So it offers more corrosion protection. So corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr in soda water decreases.
Soda water is basically a carbonated water which holds water and into this Carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved under the pressure. Basically Carbon dioxide and the water just reacts chemically to yield the Carbonic acid which is actually a weak acid.

Three Component System
When Ni-Cr alloy is immersed in three component system, namely, copper barrel , water and soda water the corrosion resistances are as follows (Table1): This order is due to the ingredients present in various systems.

Implication
When copper barrel is mixed with soda water, corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloy in artificial (synthetic) saliva, is observed to be less than that of the system consisting of copper barrel and water in existence of artificial (simulated) saliva. Corrosion resistance of the two systems are lower than that of the AS system. It is exciting to note that, in above two systems, corrosion resistance (conflict) of Ni-Cr alloy in (artificial) synthetic saliva, is found to decrease. Hence it is accomplished that people having clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr alloy should keep away from taking CB + W or CB + Soda orally.

Two Component System
When copper barrel alone or soda water alone or water alone, is orally in taken, corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloy in (simulated) artificial saliva is as follows (Table 1) Artificial saliva > copper barrel alone > soda water alone> water alone This order is due to the ingredients present in various systems

Implication
Copper barrel alone or water alone or soda water alone should not be taken orally (orally implies in presence of saliva), by the people who have been (clipped) attached with orthodontic wire completed of Ni-Cr alloy.

Comparison of Corrosion Parameters Derived from Polarization Study
The corrosion parameters obtained from polarization study are compared in Figures 12-14.

Funding
There is no funding or financial support for this research work.