Assessment of Quality Indices of Drinkable Water Sources in Dumne, Mboi and Zumo of Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State using CCME Method

The study explored water quality index of three drinking water sources (borehole, well & rivers water) from Mboi, Dumne and Zumo communitie, Located in Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters examined for the analyses are temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, calcium concentration, sulphate ion concentration, magnesium concentration, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), alkalinity, chloride ion concentration, nitrate ion concentration, fluoride ion concentration, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pH. These parameters were determined using various standard experimental procedures and tools. Water quality indices were evaluated using Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) methods. Water quality indices obtained from this research investigation showed that the borehole, well and river water from the study areas are in good condition in line with the CCME rankings. From the result obtained, the WQI of borehole water of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo are 85.45, 88.76 and 88.91 respectively while the WQI of the investigated well water are 79.73, 85.42 and 82.77 respectively. The WQI for the river water of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo was found to be 71.86, 79.56 and 76.15 respectively. Based on CCME rankings, the three water sources investigated across the three research areass are good for human use and consumption and the rating of the water quality indices are as follow: Borehole > Well > River.


Introduction Background of Study
Groundwater is an essential mineral resource obtained from underground at zone of saturated soils. 1 According to, 2 the quality of public health depends to a greater extent the quality of groundwater. 3defined Quality of water generally as component of water, which is to be present at optimum level for suitable growth of plants & animals.Water Quality Index (WQI) is one of most effective tools to communicate information on quality of water to concerned citizens & policy makers.It thus, becomes important parameter for assessment & management of surface water. 4Importance of water in our daily lives cannot be over emphasized.Assessment of suitability of water for domestic, agricultural & industrial purposes is of great concern all over the globe. 5Water is most essential natural resources of ecosystem, having an integral role for both drinking as well as economic sectors. 6t is essential component for survival of life on Earth, which contains minerals, important for human beings as well as plant & aquatic life. 7Water covers over 71 % of earth's surface & is very important natural resource for people.Yet, only 2.5 % of earth's water is fresh & thus suitable for consumption. 8ter Quality Index (WQI) is considered as most effective method of measuring water quality.Number of water quality parameters are included in a mathematical equation to rate water quality, determining suitability of water for drinking. 9Water quality has become a common research issue in water resource management field due to upsurged deterioration of surface & groundwater quality, as a result of pollution. 10Water-borne diseases & impaired ecosystems are only samples of disastrous effects of contaminated water on public health & environmental safety. 11According to, 10 evaluation of water quality turned into a vital issue for local authorities as well as worldwide institutions, like World Health Organization (WHO) & Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO).
However, quality of global water has rapidly declined for decades due to impact of both natural & anthropogenic factors. 12Relatively high values could be attributed to anthropogenic activities such as application of fertilizer & animal wastes in farming as well as leaching & dissolution of phosphate & potassium from minerals that make up underlying igneous rocks in study area.Anthropogenic sources include industrial wastes & sewage sludges.This includes also due to anthropogenic activities such as excessive application of lime to soils in farming activities. 13These anthropogenic activities are responsible for introduction of heavy metals in lakes. 14Due to threat to our sources of drinking water as a result of various degrees of pollution, this research examined quality index of three major sources of drinking water in Dumne, Mboi & Zumo settlements.

Examination of Physicochemical Parameters for
Water Quality Index Turbidity According to, 15 amount of solid matter present in suspended state determines how turbid water is.The turbidity test is used to determine quality of waste discharge with regard to colloidal matter & measures light-emitting capabilities of water.Turbidity is stated in a turbidity unit which equals to 1 mg/liter SiO 2 .First equipment used to calculate turbidity is Jackson Candler Turbidimeter, which was calibrated using silica. 1 Increased surface runoff contributes to turbidity, which is easily measured variable that is often associated with total suspended solids (TSS) & microbial concentrations 16

Temperature
According to, 3 temperature of water affects some of important physical properties & characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific conductivity, salinity & solubility of dissolved gases, etc. 15 observed permissible temperature of water according to WHO is 30°C & 3 reported that temperature of water in streams & rivers throughout world varies from 0 to 350C. 17reports temperature of 29°C of well water in Nigeria.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
18 stated that quantity of dissolved substance in the liquid is referred to as all dissolved solids.These compounds can be salts, minerals, metals, calcium and compounds which can be both organic and inorganic.Water with high TDS value indicates that water is highly mineralized.; 15 Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to oxygen gas that is dissolved in water, Dissolved oxygen is most important factor in aquatic systems, since all plants and animals need oxygen for respiration.When dissolved oxygen is less than 2.8 mg/L, it is called hypoxia. 20When data are gathered for studies of nature from a hydrobiological, ecological, or environmental protection standpoint, the amount of dissolved oxygen (below DO) in natural waters is a crucial quantity. 21The amount of DO in water is one of the most commonly used indicators of a water body's health. 22

Hardness of Water
Degree of hardness in water determines quality of water supply.Metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in groundwater are cause of hard water.Some of these minerals are Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 3+ .Magnesium and calcium are only present in natural streams in substantial amounts. 3Water could be considered to be very hard if hardness exceeds WHO maximum permissible level of 500 mg/l. 23

Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The total dissolved solid was calculated according to method of 28 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biological Oxygen Demand was determined as using method of. 22

Determination of Turbidity and Alkalinity
The methods of 13 were used to determine turbidity and total alkalinity of the water sampes investigated

Determination of Calcium and Magnesium Ion Concentration
The Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate, nitrate and phosphate and Fluoride were determined for each water samples according to the methods described in. 27

Test for Chloride and Blank Titration
The chlorides and blank titration were determined for each water sample according to the method described. 29ter Quality Index In this study, data obtained from the analysis of all water samples investigated were computed using Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment  ...( 5) Amplitude (F 3 ) is then calculated by asymptotic function that scales normalized sum of excursions from objectives to yieeld value between 0 & 100: ...( 6) Finally, CCME-WQI index is calculated as shown in Equation ( 7): ... (7)   According to above formulas, we can obtain CCME-WQI value ranging from 0 to 100.  9 whose findings revealed that 67 % of areas & water investigated were found to be very poor & categorized as unsuitable for drinking.
In contradiction to research of, 22 rainy season has lower concentration of dissolved oxygen in water compared to dry season.In contradiction to the research of, 22 the rainy season has a lower concentration of dissolved oxygen in water compared to dry season except in Zumo whose dissolved oxygen concentration during dry season appeared to be less than the rainy.This is because dissolved Oxygen depends on the temperature.

Water Quality Index of River Water
Results of water quality index of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo, Song river water is presented in Table 4  From the results, the concentrations of the respective parameters for total dissolved solids during dry seasons for Mboi and Zumo are 515.335and 511.64 mg/kg respectively are above the WHO/ ICMR standards limit of 500 mg/kg as shown in Table 4.For total hardness, Mboi and Zumo during wet seasons have values of 319.34 and 348.165 mg/kg which are slightly above the standard limit of 300 mg/kg.For phosphate, dissolved oxygen and calcium, all the parameters of samples analysed were above the standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg, 5 mg/ kg & 75 mg/kg respectively for both seasons.For magnesium concentration, the value for Mboi during wet season was found only to be 52.125 mg/kg which is slightly above the standard limit of 50 mg/kg.On the other hand, in contradiction to the research of, 22 the rainy season has a lower concentration of dissolved oxygen in water compared to dry season.Total hardness concentration of this study were found to increase with increase in concentration of calcium and magnesium for most season for well water and river water except for borehole water except in Dumne and Zumo during dry season where a deviation in this respect was observed.
On the other hand, this research agrees with , 30 with corresponding increase in concentration of biochemical oxygen demand as dissolved oxygen concentration increases With respect to the reasonable concentration of magnesium concentration compared to the standard limit in all the water samples investigated, this is possibly reason for high concentration of calcium in samples investigated & it agrees with the submission of, 32 that magnesium is often associated with calcium in all kinds of water.Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll growth & acts as limiting factor for growth of phytoplankton.Therefore, depletion of magnesium reduces number of phytoplankton's population.WQI values for borehole, well were found to be between.71 and 89, this shows that the water sources are safe and good for consumption. 33th respect to low pH of all the three water sources analyzed, according to, 37 this might be as a result of decomposition of organic matter w ithin water bodies which are accompanied by releases carbon dioxide, which combines with water to form carbonic acid.Also, presence of some metals such as aluminum, copper & zinc as well as acidifying substances in EC is measure of liquid capacity to conduct electric charge.Its ability depends on dissolved ion concentrations, ionic strength, & temperature of measurements.Dissolved ions concentration is usually measured as TDS. 42Measurement of electrical conductivity always gives pollution level & purity of water. 39Electrical conductivity of water estimates total amount of solids in water. 41Electrical conductivity of 3 water samples were far below standard acceptable value.According to, 38 there is no health standard guideline with conductivity, hence, EC has no direct adverse effects to human health in study area, as values in sachet water are within permissible limit set by WHO.For well water across the three study areas, the following physicochemical parameters; temperature, EC, TDS, magnesium, turbidity, TSS, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, BOD, pH and sulphate were all within the standard permissible limits.However, for Mboi, total hardness, calcium for both seasons and dissolved oxygen for dry season exceed the standard limit.For Dumne well water sample, total hardness for dry and dissolved oxygen exceeded the standard value but calcium for both seasons were within limit.For Zumo water sample, total hardness and calcium concentrations exceed the standard limit while the dissolved oxygen concentration for both seasons were within the permissible standard values.Phosphate concentration in the three study areas exceeded the standard value.

WQI for
For river water across the three study areas, the concentrations of the following physicochemical parameters; temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, Biological Oxygen Demand, pH and sulphate were within the standard values.However, for Mboi water sample, total dissolved solids for dry season, total hardness during wet season, magnesium during wet season and dissolved oxygen for both seasons exceeded the standard limits.For Dumne water sample, electrical conductivity for both seasons exceeded the standard limit while for Zumo river water sample, total dissolved solids for dry season, total hardness for wet season exceeded the standard value.For both seasons across the three study areas, Mboi, Dumne and Zumo, the calcium, phosphate and dissolved oxygen concentrations exceeded the standard permissible limits.Based on outcomes of this research, , it was concluded that drinking water of the study areas are good for drinking, this is as a result of physicochemical parameters in all water samples analyzed were consistent with World Health Organization standard for drinking water (WHO).
Samples were analyzed for purpose of establishing a scientific proof that the drinkable water sources from Mboi, Dumne and Zumo are of quality and hence, safe for consumption.The high values and or exceeded concentration of calcium in all analyzed water sample is indication that it's a good source of calcium, an element with significance for strong bone and teeth formation.Dissolved oxygen is indicator of water quality.Due to high dissolved oxygen concentration of the water, it will be good for fish farming business.This will create job opportunities and income for the youths in these communities.Dissolved oxygen analysis measures amount of gaseous oxygen (O 2 ) dissolved in aqueous solution.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is crucial parameter which is essential to metabolism of all aquatic organisms that possess aerobic respiration. 32Amount that can be held by water depends on several factors like temperature, salinity, pressure, pH etc. 34

F 1 ( 1 2
Scope) F 1 is used to indicate percentage of indicators exceeding standard, which indicates percentage of selected parameters that do not meet their respective parameter standard values at least once during evaluation period.It can be calculated by Equation (1): ...(1) F 2 (Frequency) F 2 indicates percentage of monitoring quantity exceeding standard, which is used to measure how often water quality objective is not met.It can be calculated by Equaetion (2): ...(2) F 3 (Amplitude) F 3 is amplitude, measured by how much objectives are exceeded, & thus indicate amount by which failed test values do not meet their objectives.(Guideline value).Following 3 steps are required to calculate F 3 .Step Number of times by which individual concentration is greater than (or less than, when objective is minimum) objective is called an excursion.When test value must not exceed objective, Equation (3) was used to calculate excursion.While test value must be no less than objective, Equation (4) was used....(3) ...(4)Step Total amount by which individual tests are out of compliance (normalized sum of excursions) is calculaeted as following Equation (5):

Table 1 : CCME WQI categorization schema Keys: CCME= Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, WQI=Water Quality Index S/No CCME WQI Ranking Water Quality Characteristics
26TERIALS & METHODS Geographical Information of Study AreaSong (9049'28''N 12037'30''E/9.82440N12.6250E)town of Adamawa State of Nigeria with population of well over 4,000 people whose climate is characterized by wet season from April to October while dry season last from November to March with mean annual rainfall of between 79 mm to 197 mm, wettest month being August & September.Temperatures are generally high throughout year except between November & February when harmattan winds tends to reduce temperature to 26.90C.However, mean annual temperature is around 280C.Relative humidity also varies seasonally in study area, with low value of about 18-30 % between January & March, increasing in peak of 82 % between April to August & September, & declining again in October.26

Table 2 : Results of Water quality index of Mboi, Dumne & Zumo Borehole Mboi Station Dumne Station Zumo Station
Water quality can be divided into five categories based on CCME-WQI values calculated, listed in Table1.From outcomes, it can be seen that concentrations of respective parameters are below WHO/ICMR standards as shown in Table2except for phosphate 0.615, 0.76, 0.525, 0.83, 0.685, 0.66 mg/kg for wet and dry seasons of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo respectively which exceed the standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg and dissolved oxygen values of 5.185, 5.255, 32Results & Discussions Water Quality Index of Borehole Water Results of water quality index of Mboi, Dumne & Zumo, Song borehole water is presented in Table2.Hardness is measure of ability of water to cause precipitation of insoluble calcium & magnesium salts of higher fatty acids from soap solutions.Principal hardness causing ions are Calcium, Magnesium Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Chloride & Sulphate.32Total haess concentration of this study were found to increase with increase in concentration of calcium and magnesium for most season for well water and river water except for borehole water.5.32, 6.3, 5.045, 5.52 mg/kg for both seasons of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo stations respectively which exceed the standard limit of 5.0 mg/kg.From the above result, the WQI for Mboi, Dumne and Zumo Borehole water are 85.45, 88.76 and 88.91 respectively.Water quality index shows quality of water in terms of index number which represents overall quality of water for any intended use which agrees with result obtained using weighted method by 32 with indices ranging from 38.52 to 48.67 for borehole water.Outcomes shows that distinguish water samples analysed from borehole water are safe for human consumption & for other domestic purposes based on CCME rankings.Total outcome of this study is contrary to results obtained by

Table 3 : Results of Water quality index of Mboi, Dumne & Well Water Mboi Station Dumne Station Zumo Station
Water Quality Index of Well WaterResults of water quality index of Mboi, Dumne and Zumo, Song well water is presented in

Table 3 below
From the results in Table3, it is clear that some parameters such as total hardness of all samples and season exceed the limit, 300 mg/kg except the value for Dumne during the wet season which is 285.445mg/kg.For calcium concentration, Dumne is below the standard limit, 70.005 and 61.545 mg/ kg respectively for the wet & dry season, compared to other two locations that have values above 75 mg/kg.For phosphate, all the values across the three locations and seasons exceed the standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg.For dissolved oxygen, all the parameters from other locations have their values exceeding the standard limits, 5 mg/kg except the values obtained from Mboi during dry season (4.975 mg/kg) and the values obtained from Zumo, 4.855 and 4.835 mg/kg which are below the standard limit compared to other.The WQI was determined to be 79.73,85.43 and 82.77 respectively for Mboi,

Table 2 ,
Mboi, Dumne and Zumo river water are 71.85,79.56 and 76.15 respectively as shown in Table 4. Outcomes show that WQI of water samples 3 & 4 shows water quality index of borehole, well & river water in Mboi, Dumne & Zumo in Song Local Government Area of Adamawa respectively.
Three water samples (borehole, well & river) showed a very high dissolved oxygen concentration, an indication of availability of oxygen in these water sources capable of supporting life, e.g.aquatic animals.Based on water quality indices of water samples analyzed which did not go below 70, it is concluded that all borehole, well & river water samples analysed in this research are fit & suitable for drinking & for usage in other domestic applications.